给用户发邮件是web应用的基本功能。
Flask-Mail提供了一个简单的接口用于设置SMTP，并发送邮件。
安装Flask-Mail
通过pip和easy_install安扎un个
pip install Flask-Mail
或者你可以下载最新的版本：
git clone https://github.com/mattupstate/flask-mail.git cd flask-mail python setup.py install
配置Flask-Mail
Flask-Mail is configured through the standard Flask config API. These are the available options (each is explained later in the documentation):
MAIL_SERVER : default ‘localhost’ MAIL_PORT : default 25 MAIL_USE_TLS : default False MAIL_USE_SSL : default False MAIL_DEBUG : default app.debug MAIL_USERNAME : default None MAIL_PASSWORD : default None MAIL_DEFAULT_SENDER : default None MAIL_MAX_EMAILS : default None MAIL_SUPPRESS_SEND : default app.testing MAIL_ASCII_ATTACHMENTS : default False
In addition the standard Flask TESTING configuration option is used by Flask-Mail in unit tests (see below).
Emails are managed through a Mail instance:
from flask import Flask
from flask_mail import Mail
app = Flask(__name__)
mail = Mail(app)
In this case all emails are sent using the configuration values of the application that was passed to the Mail class constructor.
Alternatively you can set up your Mail instance later at configuration time, using the init_app method:
mail = Mail()
app = Flask(__name__)
mail.init_app(app)
In this case emails will be sent using the configuration values from Flask’s current_app context global. This is useful if you have multiple applications running in the same process but with different configuration options.
Sending messages
To send a message first create a Message instance:
from flask_mail import Message
@app.route(“/”)
def index():
msg = Message(“Hello”,
sender=”from@example.com”,
recipients=[“to@example.com”])
You can set the recipient emails immediately, or individually:
msg.recipients = [“you@example.com”]
msg.add_recipient(“somebodyelse@example.com”)
If you have set MAIL_DEFAULT_SENDER you don’t need to set the message sender explicity, as it will use this configuration value by default:
msg = Message(“Hello”,
recipients=[“to@example.com”])
If the sender is a two-element tuple, this will be split into name and address:
msg = Message(“Hello”,
sender=(“Me”, “me@example.com”))
assert msg.sender == “Me <me@example.com>”
The message can contain a body and/or HTML:
msg.body = “testing”
msg.html = “<b>testing</b>”
Finally, to send the message, you use the Mail instance configured with your Flask application:
mail.send(msg)
Bulk emails
Usually in a web application you will be sending one or two emails per request. In certain situations you might want to be able to send perhaps dozens or hundreds of emails in a single batch – probably in an external process such as a command-line script or cronjob.
In that case you do things slightly differently:
with mail.connect() as conn:
for user in users:
message = ‘…’
subject = “hello, %s” % user.name
msg = Message(recipients=[user.email],
body=message,
subject=subject)
conn.send(msg)
The connection to your email host is kept alive and closed automatically once all the messages have been sent.
Some mail servers set a limit on the number of emails sent in a single connection. You can set the max amount of emails to send before reconnecting by specifying the MAIL_MAX_EMAILS setting.
Attachments
Adding attachments is straightforward:
with app.open_resource(“image.png”) as fp:
msg.attach(“image.png”, “image/png”, fp.read())
See the API for details.
If MAIL_ASCII_ATTACHMENTS is set to True, filenames will be converted to an ASCII equivalent. This can be useful when using a mail relay that modify mail content and mess up Content-Disposition specification when filenames are UTF-8 encoded. The conversion to ASCII is a basic removal of non-ASCII characters. It should be fine for any unicode character that can be decomposed by NFKD into one or more ASCII characters. If you need romanization/transliteration (i.e ß → ss) then your application should do it and pass a proper ASCII string.
Unit tests and suppressing emails
When you are sending messages inside of unit tests, or in a development environment, it’s useful to be able to suppress email sending.
If the setting TESTING is set to True, emails will be suppressed. Calling send() on your messages will not result in any messages being actually sent.
Alternatively outside a testing environment you can set MAIL_SUPPRESS_SEND to False. This will have the same effect.
However, it’s still useful to keep track of emails that would have been sent when you are writing unit tests.
In order to keep track of dispatched emails, use the record_messages method:
with mail.record_messages() as outbox:
mail.send_message(subject=’testing’,
body=’test’,
recipients=emails)
assert len(outbox) == 1
assert outbox[0].subject == “testing”
The outbox is a list of Message instances sent.
The blinker package must be installed for this method to work.
Note that the older way of doing things, appending the outbox to the g object, is now deprecated.
Header injection
To prevent header injection attempts to send a message with newlines in the subject, sender or recipient addresses will result in a BadHeaderError.
Signalling support
New in version 0.4.
Flask-Mail now provides signalling support through a email_dispatched signal. This is sent whenever an email is dispatched (even if the email is not actually sent, i.e. in a testing environment).
A function connecting to the email_dispatched signal takes a Message instance as a first argument, and the Flask app instance as an optional argument:
def log_message(message, app):
app.logger.debug(message.subject)
email_dispatched.connect(log_message)
API
class flask_mail.Mail(app=None)
Manages email messaging
Parameters: app – Flask instance
send(message)
Sends a single message instance. If TESTING is True the message will not actually be sent.
Parameters: message – a Message instance.
connect()
Opens a connection to the mail host.
send_message(*args, **kwargs)
Shortcut for send(msg).
Takes same arguments as Message constructor.
Versionadded : 0.3.5
class flask_mail.Attachment(filename=None, content_type=None, data=None, disposition=None, headers=None)
Encapsulates file attachment information.
Versionadded :
0.3.5
Parameters:
filename – filename of attachment
content_type – file mimetype
data – the raw file data
disposition – content-disposition (if any)
class flask_mail.Connection(mail)
Handles connection to host.
send(message, envelope_from=None)
Verifies and sends message.
Parameters:
message – Message instance.
envelope_from – Email address to be used in MAIL FROM command.
send_message(*args, **kwargs)
Shortcut for send(msg).
Takes same arguments as Message constructor.
Versionadded : 0.3.5
class flask_mail.Message(subject=”, recipients=None, body=None, html=None, sender=None, cc=None, bcc=None, attachments=None, reply_to=None, date=None, charset=None, extra_headers=None, mail_options=None, rcpt_options=None)
Encapsulates an email message.
Parameters:
subject – email subject header
recipients – list of email addresses
body – plain text message
html – HTML message
sender – email sender address, or MAIL_DEFAULT_SENDER by default
cc – CC list
bcc – BCC list
attachments – list of Attachment instances
reply_to – reply-to address
date – send date
charset – message character set
extra_headers – A dictionary of additional headers for the message
mail_options – A list of ESMTP options to be used in MAIL FROM command
rcpt_options – A list of ESMTP options to be used in RCPT commands
attach(filename=None, content_type=None, data=None, disposition=None, headers=None)
Adds an attachment to the message.
Parameters:
filename – filename of attachment
content_type – file mimetype
data – the raw file data
disposition – content-disposition (if any)
add_recipient(recipient)
Adds another recipient to the message.
Parameters: recipient – email address of recipient.
